The present study set out to investigate the effect of teaching substitution as a kind of grammatical cohesion on the true identification of confusing substitution elements with cohesive or non-cohesive roles in different contexts and also the production of modal, reporting and conditional contexts through clausal substitution acquaintance. To this end, the following procedures were taken. Firs...

In this paper we summarize our research on solving problems of conditional probability we have recently carried out. We investigate a particular world of school word problems we call ternary problems of conditional probability. We classify them into four families and twenty subfamilies depending on data structure and investigated students’ behaviour in solving problems, those with one condition...

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a robust and enduring form of emotional learning that provides an ideal model system for studying contextual regulation of memory retrieval. After extinction the expression of fear conditional responses (CRs) is context-specific: A conditional stimulus (CS) elicits greater conditional responding outside compared with inside the extinction context. Dorsal hippocamp...

the copulative word “kâna” has been used 1450 times in the holy quran with its derivatives in different structures. the translators of the holy quran, therefore, must know the meaning of the verb in line with the context in which it is used so that they may translate the verb “kâna” as close as possible to the quranic text. mostly the verb has been used in conditional and relative clauses and i...

This paper focuses on the differences in interpretation between promises and threats. We investigated to what extent uttering a conditional promise or threat implies an obligation for the speaker to carry out the reward or punishment mentioned in the consequent. Therefore, we presented the participants of the experiment with four promise contexts and four threat contexts. These were each time f...

the emerging concept of personalized medicine or precision medicine has recently become more popular both among the health-care providers and patients. the focus of personalized medicine is to target prevention and treatment strategies based on patients’ variability in genotype, environment and lifestyle. since precision medicine will make the clinical guidelines much more conditional and branc...

This paper deals with conditional central estimators in a set membership setting. The role and importance of these algorithms in identification and filtering is illustrated by showing that problems like worst-case optimal identification and state filtering, in contexts where disturbances are described through norm bounds, are reducible to the computation of conditional central algorithms. The c...

A novel procedure is described in which the floor temperatures (warm and cool) in an operant chamber are used as contextual cues in 2 experiments with rats. Experiment 1 demonstrated that rats learn the relationship between these thermal contexts and auditory stimuli that have been paired with them. Experiment 2 showed that thermal contexts can serve a conditional function that (a) reflects the...

Statements of the form if… then… can be used to communicate conditional speech acts such as tips and promises. Conditional promises require the speaker to have perceived control over the outcome event, whereas conditional tips do not. In an eye-tracking study, we examined whether readers are sensitive to information about perceived speaker control during processing of conditionals embedded in c...

This paper puts forward a view on conditional commitments as causal rules, using action language K as the specification framework. The proposal builds upon an operational notion of social context, in such a way that conditional commitments are represented as rules in context. This approach enables the manipulation of conditional commitments in terms of the manipulation of the social interaction...